A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE / SYNONYMS


The botanical nomenclature is a very complicated part of botany and - because of reasons I do not want to explain here - many plants go by different scientific names (synonyms - names which mean the same). Of course, many plant lovers - particularly those who are just starting with this passion - are mislead when they see for example two plants which look identical but bear different names.

As I am not interested in supporting this uncertainty, I intend to avoid listing different names for the same plants. However - nobody is perfect - I am not safe from mistakes. Therefore, you should inform me, if you find some error on my offers. I would be pleased to receive your advice in order to be able to make the corresponding changes.

For your information I have listed some plants with their synonyms. Of course, this list is not complete, but I am going to extend it in time.


Abarema grandifloraArchidendron grandiflorum, Pithecellobium grandiflorum
Abelmoschus esculentusHibiscus manihot, Abelmoschus manihot
Abrus precatoriusAbrus abrus, Abrus minor, Abrus pauciflorus
Abutilon angulatum var. angulatumAbutilon intermedium
Abutilon indicumAbutilon mauritianum, Sida indica
Abutilon muticumAbutilon asiaticum, Abutilon malirianum, Sida mutica
Abutilon pycnodonAbutilon marlothii, Abutilon matopense, Abutilon flavum,
Acacia aduncaAcacia accola
Acacia armataAcacia paradoxa
Acacia cyanophyllaAcacia saligna
Acacia eriolobaAcacia giraffae
Acacia fimbriataAcacia perangusta
Acacia niloticaAcacia arabica, Acacia scorpioides, Mimosa arabica,
Acacia smalliiAcacia minuta ssp. densiflora, Vachellia densiflora
Acacia terminalisAcacia botrycephala
Acanthosicyos naudinianusCitrullus naudinianus, Colocynthis naudinianus, Cucumis naudinianus
Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowiana
Acer saccarumAcer saccharophorum
Achras sapotaManilkara sapota
Acokanthera spectabilisAcokanthera oblongifolia
Actinidia deliciosaActinidia chinensis
Actinidia kolomiktaKolomikta mandschurica, Trochostigma kolomikta, Trochostigma kolomikta, Kolomikta mandschurica, Kalomikta mandshurica, Prunus kolomikta
Actinidia melanandraActinidia rufa parvifolia
Actinidia polygamaActinidia volubilis, Trochostigma polygama
Adansonia digitataAdansonia baobab, Adansonia situla, Adansonia sulcata, Adansonia somalensis
Adansonia fonyAdansonia rubrostipa
Adansonia gregoriiAdansonia gibbosa, Adansonia stanburyana
Adansonia madagascariensisBaobabus madagascariensis, Adansonia bernieri
Adansonia zaAdansonia alba, Adansonia bozy
Adenia aculeataModecca aculeata
Adenia cladosepalaModecca cladosepala, Adenia ambongensis
Adenia digitataAdenia buchananii, Adenia multiflora, Adenia stenophylla
Adenia firingalavensisOphiocaulon firingalavense
Adenia heterophyllaModecca heterophylla
Adenia kirkiiModecca kirkii
Adenia pechueliiEchinothamnus pechuelii
Adenia repandaPaschanthus repandus, Jaeggia repanda, Paschanthus jaeggii, Modecca paschanthus, Modecca repanda
Adenium obesumNerium obesum, Adenium coetaneum, Cameraria obesa, Pachypodium obesum
Adenium oleifolumAdenium lugardii, Adenium oleifolium var. angustifolium, Adenium somalense var. angustifolium
Adlumia fungosaAdlumia cirrhosa
Adromischus schuldtianusCotyledon schuldtiana
Aegle marmelosBelou marmelos, Crataeva marmelos, Crateva marmelos, Cydonia indica, Feronia pellucida
Aeollanthus subacaulisPlectranthus subacaulis, Icomum subacaule
Afzelia quanzensisAfzelia attenuata, Pahudia attenuata
Agapanthus africanusAgapanthus umbellatus, Crinum africanum, Abumon africanum, Barbacenia goetzei
Agapetes lobbiiAgapetes corallina, Agapetes racemosa, Agapetes stenantha, Vaccinium brevipedicellatum
Agapetes serpensVaccinium serpens, Pentapterygium serpens, Thibaudia myrtifolia
Ailanthus altissimaAilanthus glandulosa
Akebia quinataAkebia lobata
Akebia trifoliataAkebia lobata
Albizia falcataAlbizia falcataria, Albizia moluccana
Albizia lebbeckMimosa lebbeck, Acacia lebbeck
Albizia lophantaAlbizia distachya, Paraserianthes lophanta
Albuca longipesOrnithogalum longipes
Aleurites moluccanaAleurites triloba
Allamanda catharticaAllamanda hendersonii
Allamanda neriifoliaAllamanda schottii
Allamanda violaceaAllamanda blanchetii
Alpinia galangaAlpinia officinarum
Alpinia sanderaeAlpinia vittata
Alpinia zerumbetAlpinia speciosa, Alpinia nutans, Costus zerumbet
Alstonia scholarisAlstonia kurzii, Echites pala, Echites scholaris, Pala scholaris
Alyogyne huegeliiHibiscus huegelii
Alyxia buxifoliaGynopogon buxifolius
Anacardium occidentaleAnacardium microcarpum, Acajuba occidentalis
Anisodontea capensisMalva capensis, Malvastrum capense
Annona glabraAnnona australis, Annona chrysocarpa, Annona laurifolia, Annona palustris, Annona peruviana, Guanabanus palustris
Annona muricataAnnona macrocarpa, Annona bonplandiana, Annona cearaensis
Annona squamosaAnnona asiatica, Annona cinerea, Guanabanus squamosus
Anredera cordifoliaBoussingaultia cordifolia
Antigonon leptopusAntigonon cinerascens, Antigonon cordatum, Antigonon platypus
Apios americanaApios tuberosa
Aptosimum lineareAptosimum randii
Arachis hypogaeaArachis africana, Arachis americana, Arachis asiatica
Arachis hypogaeaArachis africana, Arachis americana, Arachis asiatica
Araucaria araucanaAraucaria chilensis, Araucaria dombeyi, Araucaria imbricata, Columbea quadrifaria, Dombeya chilensis, Pinus araucana
Araujia sericiferaAraujia hortorum, Physianthus albens
Arbutus xalapensisArbutus texana
Arecastrum romanzoffianumSyagrus romanzoffianum
Argania spinosaSyderoxylon spinosum, Argania sideroxylon, Elaeodendron argan
Argemone mexicanaArgemone grandiflora
Argyreia nervosaArgyreia speciosa, Convolvulus nervosus, Convolvulus speciosus, Ipomoea speciosa, Rivea nervosa
Aristolochia baeticaAristolochia bracteolata
Aristolochia brasiliensisAristolochia labiata
Aristolochia debilisAristolochia longa, Aristolochia recurvilabra, Aristolochia sinarum
Aristolochia elegansAristolochia littoralis
Aristolochia fimbriataAristolochia ciliosa
Aristolochia giganteaAristolochia clypeata
Aristolochia grandifloraAristolochia gigas
Aristolochia macrophyllaAristolochia durior, Aristolochia sipho
Aristolochia sempervirensAristolochia altissima
Aristolochia tagalaAristolochia acuminata
Aristotelia chilensisCornus chilensis
Artocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus integrifolius
Asarina barclayanaMaurandya barclayana
Asarina erubescensMaurandya erubescens
Asclepias curassavicaAsclepias aurantiaca, Asclepias bicolor, Asclepias cubensis
Asclepias fruticosaGomphocarpus fruticosus
Asclepias physocarpaGomphocarpus physocarpa
Asimina trilobaAnnona triloba, Annona pendula, Asimina campaniflora, Asimina glabra, Uvaria triloba
Asystasia gangeticaJusticia gangetica, Asystasia bojeriana, Asystasia coromandeliana
Azorina vidaliiCampanula vidalii
Babiana angustifoliaBabiana pulchra
Baeckea camphorosmaeBabingtonia camphorosmae
Baeckea preissianaBabingtonia preissiana, Tetrapora preissiana
Baeckea stenophyllaBaeckea frutescens
Balanites aegypticaAgialida barteri, Agialida senegalensis, Balanites roxburghii, Balanites aegyptica, Balanites zizyphoides, Ximenia aegyptiaca
Baphia massaiensisBaphia obovata, Baphia massaiensis ssp. obovata var. obovata
Bauhinia acuminataBauhinia petiolata
Bauhinia congestaBauhinia lunarioides, Bauhinia yermyana
Bauhinia cunninghamiiLysiphyllum cunninghamii
Bauhinia fassoglensisBauhinia kirkii, Tylosema fassoglense
Bauhinia forficataBauhinia candicans
Bauhinia galpiniiBauhinia punctata
Bauhinia hookeriLysiphyllum hookeri
Bauhinia malabaricaPiliostigma malabaricum, Piliostigma acidum
Bauhinia monandraBauhinia kappleri, Bauhinia krugii, Bauhinia richardiana, Caspariopsis monandra
Bauhinia petersiana ssp. macranthaBauhinia macrantha, Bauhinia serpae, Bauhinia petersiana ssp. serpae
Bauhinia petersiana ssp. petersianaBauhinia petersiana
Bauhinia purpureaBauhinia triandra, Phanera purpurea
Bauhinia retusaBauhinia semla, Bauhinia roxburghiana
Bauhinia rufescensBauhinia adansoniana, Adenolobus rufescens
Bauhinia scandensBauhinia corymbosa
Bauhinia thonningiiPiliostigma thonningii
Bauhinia yunnanensisBauhinia saigonensis
Beaucarnea recurvataNolina recurvata
Beaucarnea strictaNolina stricta
Belamcanda chinensisIxia chinensis, Pardanthus chinensis
Bignonia capreolataDoxantha capreolata, Anisostichus capreolata, Anisostichus crucigera
Bischofia javanicaBischofia racemosa, Bischofia trifoliata
Bixa orellanaBixa katagensis
Bloomeria croceaAllium croceum, Nothoscordum aureum
Bombacopsis quinatumPachira fendleri
Bombax ellipticumPseudobombax ellipticum
Bombax malabaricumBombax ceiba
Bombax pentandraCeiba pentandra
Boophane distichaAmaryllis disticha
Bouea macrophyllaBouea gandaria
Bouvardia ternifoliaBouvardia coccinea, Bouvardia microphylla, Bouvardia angustifolia, Bouvardia glaberrima u.a.
Bowiea volubilisBowiea kilimandscharica, Bowiea nana, Schizobasopsis volubilis
Brachychiton australisBrachychiton acuminatus,Sterculia trichosiphon, Trichosiphum australe
Brachychiton bidwilliiBrachychiton paradoxus var. bidwillii, Sterculia bidwillii, Clompanus bidwillii
Brachychiton populneusBrachychiton diversifolium
Brachychiton rupestrisDalabechea rupestris, Sterculia rupestris
Brachystelma barberiaeDichaelia barberiae
Brandegea bigeloviiElaterium bigelovii
Brighamia insignisBrighamia citrina, Brighamia citrina var. napaliensis
Brighamia rockiiBrighamia remyi, Brighamia rockii ssp. longiloba
Brunfelsia calycinaBrunfelsia pauciflora
Brunfelsia floribundaBrunfelsia pauciflora var. floribunda
Brunfelsia latifoliaBrunfelsia australis
Brunsvigia radulaAmaryllis radula
Bryonia dioicaBryonia cretica subsp. dioica
Bunchosia argenteaMalphigia argentea
Burchellia bubalinaBurchellia capensis
Butea frondosaButea monosperma
Byrsonima crassifoliaMalpighia crassifolia
Caesalpinia bonducCaesalpinia crista, Guilandina bonduc
Caesalpinia decapetalaBiancaea decapetala, Biancaea sepiaria, Caesalpinia sepiaria, Reichardia decapetala
Caesalpinia spinosaPoinciana spinosa, Tara spinosa, Caesalpinia tinctoria, Caesalpinia pectinata u.a.
Cajanus cajanCytisus cajan, Cajanus bicolor, Cajanus flavus
Calibanus hookeriDasylirion hookeri, Nolina hookeri, Beaucarnea hookeri, Calibanus caespitosus
Calliandra brevipesCalliandra selloi, Acacia selloi, Calliandra yucunensis
Calliandra emarginataInga emarginata
Calliandra eriophyllaCalliandra chamaedrys
Calliandra haematocephalaAnneslia haematocephala, Calliandra inaequilatera
Calliandra parvifoliaCalliandra bicolor, Calliandra falcifera, Calliandra microcalyx, Calliandra peckoltii
Calliandra pittieriAnneslia pittieri
Calliandra schultzeiCalliandra riparia
Calliandra surinamensisAnneslia fasciculata, Inga fasciculata
Callistemon sieberiCallistemon pityoides
Calonyction albumIpomoea alba, Calonyction aculeatum, Ipomoea bona-nox, Convolvulus aculeatus
Calopyxis grandidieriCombretum grandidieri
Camellia japonicaThea japonica
Camellia oleiferaCamellia drupifera, Camellia oleosa
Camellia sinensisThea sinensis
Campsis grandifloraBignonia chinensis
Campsis radicansBignonia radicans
Cananga odorataCanangium fruticosum, Canangium odoratum, Unona odorata, Unona odorata, Uvaria odorata, Uvaria axillaris
Canarina canariensisCanarina campanula
Canavalia ensiformisDolichos ensiformis
Canavalia maritimaCanavalia rosea
Canella winteranaCanella alba
Cardiospermum halicacabumCardiospermum microcarpum
Carica pubescensCarica candamarcensis, Carica chiriquensis
Carica quercifoliaVasconcella quercifolia, Carica acuata, Carica bonplandii, Carica hastaefolia, Carica hastata, Carica quercifolia, Vasconcella lanceolata
Carissa bispinosaCarissa acuminata
Carissa grandifloraCarissa macrocarpa
Cassia abbreviataCassia abbreviata var. granitica,
Cassia alataSenna alata
Cassia angustifoliaCassia acutifolia, Senna alexandrina
Cassia artemisoidesSenna artemisoides
Cassia bicapsularisSenna bicapsularis, Cassia emarginata
Cassia bifloraSenna pallida
Cassia candolleanaSenna candolleana
Cassia covesiiSenna covesii, Senna polyantha
Cassia didymobotryaSenna didymobotrya
Cassia eremophilaSenna nemophila
Cassia fasciculataChamaecrista fasciculata, Chamaecrista deeringiana, Cassia chamaecrista
Cassia floribundaSenna x floribunda
Cassia helmsiiSenna helmsii
Cassia italicaCassia obovata
Cassia multijugaSenna multijuga
Cassia notabilisSenna notabilis
Cassia occidentalisSenna occidentalis
Cassia odorataSenna odorata
Cassia pleurocarpaSenna pleurocarpa
Cassia siameaSenna siamea
Cassia singueanaSenna singueana
Cassia spectabilisSenna spectabilis, Cassia carnaval
Cassia sturtiiSenna sturtii
Catalpa bignonioidesCatalpa syringaefolia, Bignonia catalpa
Cephalanthus occidentalisCephalanthus acuminatus, Cephalanthus berlandieri, Cephalanthus obtusifolius, Cephalanthus oppositifolius
Cercidium floridumCercidium torreyanum, Parkinsonia florida
Cercidium microphyllumParkinsonia microphylla
Cestrum nocturnumCestrum scandens, Cestrum foetidissimum, Chiococca nocturna, Cestrum hirtellum, Cestrum suberosum
Chimonanthus praecoxChimonanthus fragrans, Calycanthus praecox
Chorisia speciosaCeiba speciosa
Chortolirion angolenseHaworthia angolensis
Cinnamomum camphoraLaurus camphora, Camphora officinarum
Cinnamomum zeylanicumCinnamomum verum
Cissus aralioidesVitis aralioides
Cissus opacaVitis opaca
Cissus rotundifoliaCissus quadrangularis, Saelanthus rotundifolius
Cissus tuberosaVitis tuberosa
Clausena anisataClausena abyssinica, Clausena inaequalis
Clavija longifoliaClavija ornata, Theophrasta longifolia
Clerodendrum trichotomumClerodendrum fargesii, Clerodendrum koshunense, Clerodendrum yakusimense, Siphonanthus trichotomus, Siphonanthus yakusimensis
Clianthus formosusSwainsonia formosa
Clivia miniataVallota miniata
Colocasia esculentaColocasia antiquorum var. esculenta, Caladium esculentum
Combretum fruticosumCombretum aurantiacum, Combretum benthamianum, Combretum farinosum, Combretum formosum, Combretum gloriosum, Combretum micropetalum, Gaura fruticosa, Combretum loeflingii, u.v.a.
Cordyline australisDracaena australis
Cordyline indivisaDracaena indivisa
Cordyline terminalisDracaena terminalis
Coreopsis giganteaLeptosyne gigantea, Tuckermannia gigantea
Corypha utanCorypha elata
Couroupita guianensisCouratari pedicellaris, Lecythis bracteata, Pekea couroupita
Cudrania tricuspidataMaclura tricuspidata
Cyphomandra betaceaCyphomandra crassicaulis, Solanum betaceum
Cyphostemma bainesiiCissus bainesii, Vitis bainesii
Cyrtostachys rendaCyrtostachys lakka
Daviesia leptophyllaDaviesia virgata
Daviesia ulicifoliaDaviesia ulicina
Decaisnea fargesiiDecaisnea insignis
Delonix boivinianaPoinciana boiviniana, Poinciana lutea
Delonix decaryiPoinciana decaryi, Delonix adansonioides
Delonix floribundaDelonix adansonioides, Poinciana adansonioides, Aprevalia floribunda, Aprevalia perrieri
Delonix regiaPoinciana regia
Dichopogon strictusArthropodium strictum
Dichrostachys cinereaCailliea glomerata, Dichrostachys glomerata, Dichrostachys nutans, Mimosa cinerea
Dichrostachys cinereaDichrostachys glomerata, Dichrostachys nutans
Dietes iridioidesDietes vegeta
Dillenia indicaDillenia speciosa
Dioscorea batatasDioscorea opposita
Dioscorea elephantipesTestudinaria elephantipes
Dioscorea rupicolaDioscorea tysonii
Diospyros digynaSapota nigra, Diospyros nigra, Diospyros sapota, Diospyros laurifolia u.a.
Diospyros discolorDiospyros blancoi, Diospyros philippensis
Diospyros kakiDiospyros chinensis
Diospyros virginianaDiospyros mosieri
Diploglottis australisDiploglottis cunninghamii
Dipogon lignosusDolichos lignosus
Dorstenia foetidaDorstenia crispa var. lancifolia, Kosaria foetida
Dovyalis caffraAberia caffra
Dovyalis zeyheriAberia zeyheri, Dovyalis revoluta, Dovyalis tristis
Dregea sinensisWattakaka sinensis
Drimys lanceolataTasmannia lanceolata
Duranta repensDuranta erecta, Duranta plumieri
Eccremocarpus scaberCalampelis scaber
Elaeocarpus ganitrusElaeocarpus sphaericus
Elaeocarpus sphaericusElaeocarpus ganitrus
Elettaria cardamomumAmomum cardamomum, Amomum compactum
Entada rheediiEntada pursathea, Entada gigalobium, Entada scandens
Entandrophragma caudatumPseudocedrela caudatum, Entandrophragma utile
Enterolobium cyclocarpumInga cyclocarpa, Mimosa cyclocarpa, Mimosa parrota, Pithecellobium cyclocarpum
Ephedra nevadensisEphedra aspera
Eriocephalus africanusEriocephalus umbellulatus
Erythrina abyssinicaErythrina tomentosa
Erythrina flabelliformisErythrina purpusii
Erythrina fuscaErythrina glauca, Erythrina ovalifolia
Erythrina humeanaErythrina princeps
Erythrina poeppigianaErythrina amasisa, Erythrina darienensis, Erythrina micropteryx, Erythrina pisamo, Micropteryx poeppigiana
Erythrina sandwicensisErythrina tahitensis
Erythrina vernaErythrina mulungu
Erythrina zeyheriCorallodendron zeyheri
Euclea pseudebenusEuclea pseudobenus
Eugenia australisSyzygium australe, Syzygium paniculatum
Eugenia brachyandraAcmena brachyandra
Eugenia coolminianumSyzygium oleosum
Eugenia cyanocarpaSyzygium oleosum
Eugenia dombeyiEugenia brasiliensis
Eugenia floribundaWaterhousia floribunda
Eugenia jambolanaSyzygium jambolana, Syzygium cumini
Eugenia luehmanniiSyzygium luehmannii
Eugenia malaccenseSyzygium malaccense
Eugenia myrtifoliaSyzygium paniculatum
Eugenia smithiiAcmena smithii
Eugenia tomentosaPlinia glomerata, Myrciaria glomerata, Eugenia cabelluda
Euphoria litchiDimocarpus longan
Euphoria longanDimocarpus longan, Nephelium longanum
Euphoria malaiensisDimocarpus longan
Euphoria sinensisDimocarpus longan
Fagraea berteroanaFagraea berteriana
Firmiana simplexFirmiana platanifolia, Sterculia platanifolia
Flacourtia indicaFlacourtia ramontchi, Gmelina indica, Flacourtia sepiaria
Flacourtia jangomasFlacourtia cataphrakta
Flemingia macrophyllaFlemingia congesta
Fouquieria splendensFouquieria spinosa
Fremontodendron californicumFremontia californica
Fremontodendron mexicanumFremontia mexicana
Freylinia lanceolataFreylinia cestioides, Freylinia oppositifolia
Fuchsia excorticataSkinnera excorticata
Galphimia glaucaThryallis glauca
Garcinia madrunoRheedia madruno
Garcinia magnifoliaRheedia magnifolia
Gardenia jasminoidesGardenia grandiflora, Gardenia radicans, Gardenia augusta, Gardenia schlechteri, Gardenia florida
Gardenia taitensisGardenia tahitensis, Randia tahitensis
Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo macrophylla, Salisburia biloba
Gladiolus scullyiGladiolus venustus
Glandularia canadensisGlandularia aubletia, Buchnera canadensis, Verbena canadensis
Gliricidia sepiumGliricidia maculata
Gloriosa rothschildianaGloriosa superba var. rothschildiana
Glycyrrhiza glabraGlycyrrhiza glandulifera, Glycyrrhiza officinalis, Glycyrrhiza hirsuta, Liquiritia officinalis
Gmelina asiaticaGmelina parvifolia
Gompholobium confertumBurtonia conferta
Gonatopus boiviniiZamioculcas boivinii
Gordonia lasianthusGordonia pyramidalis, Hypericum lasianthus
Gossypium hirsutumGossypium mexicanum, Gossypium religiosum, Gossypium latifolium, Gossypium taitense, Gossypium punctatum, Gossypium marie-galante
Grahamia coahuilensisTalinum coahuilense, Talinaria coahuilensis
Grewia avellanaGrewia guazumifolia
Grewia flavaGrewia cana, Grewia hermannioides
Grewia hexamitaGrewia messinica, Grewia schweickerdtii
Grewia monticolaGrewia obliqua
Grewia occidentalisGrewia chirindae, Grewia microphylla, Grewia rudatisii
Guaiacum angustifoliumPorlieria angustifolia
Guazuma ulmifoliaGuazuma tomentosa, Guazuma polybotrya, Theobroma guazuma, Guazuma bubroma, Theobroma foliis serratis, Diuroglossum rufescens
Gymnocladus dioicaGymnocladus canadensis
Gynostemma hederifoliumSicyos hederifolia
Gyrocarpus americanusGyrocarpus jacquinii, Gyrocarpus asiaticus
Halleria lucidaHalleria abyssinica
Hamelia patensHamelia coccinea, Hamelia erecta, Hamelia grandiflora, Hamelia sphaerocarpa
Hibiscus acetosellaHibiscus eetveldianus
Hibiscus aculeatusHibiscus scaber
Hibiscus aethiopicus var. aethiopicusHibiscus ellipticus, Hibiscus aethiopicus var. genuinus, Hibiscus propinquus, Hibiscus ambelacensis, Hibiscus luteiflorus, Hibiscus aethiopicus var. helvolus
Hibiscus calyphyllusHibiscus calycinus
Hibiscus cisplatinusHibiscus striatus
Hibiscus coccineusHibiscus semilobatus, Hibiscus carolinianus, Hibiscus integrifolius, Hibiscus speciosus
Hibiscus engleriHibiscus cordatus, Hibiscus irritans, Hibiscus microcylicinus,
Hibiscus ferrugineusHibiscus crassinervius, Hibiscus shirensis, Hibiscus shirensis var. perrierellus
Hibiscus lasiocarpusHibiscus californicus, Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. lasiocarpos, Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. lasiocarpus, Hibiscus moscheutos var. occidentalis
Hibiscus martianusHibiscus cardiophyllus
Hibiscus micranthusHibiscus micranthus var. micranthus, Hibiscus gossypinus
Hibiscus splendensAbelmoschus splendens
Hibiscus tiliaceusHibiscus elatus
Hovea ellipticaHovea celsii
Hovenia dulcisHovenia acerba, Hovenia inequalis
Huernia hystrixStapelia hystrix
Idria columnarisFouquieria columnaris
Impatiens capensisImpatiens biflora, Impatiens fulva
Impatiens niamniamensisImpatiens congolensis, Impatiens congoense
Impatiens niamniamensisImpatiens congolensis, Impatiens congoense
Indigofera australisIndigofera efoliata
Indigofera tritaIndigofera ewartiana
Inga dulcisPithecellobium dulce
Inga edulisFeuilleea edulis, Inga conferta, Inga vera, Inga ynga, Mimosa ynga
Ipomoea batatasIpomoea fastigiata, Ipomoea tiliacea, Convolvulus tiliaceus
Ipomoea cairicaIpomoea palmata, Ipomoea cavanillesii
Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosaIpomoea crassicaulis, Ipomoea fistulosa, Ipomoea fistulosa var. nicaraguensis, Ipomoea fruticosa u.a.
Ipomoea coccineaQuamoclit coccinea
Ipomoea cordatotrilobaIpomoea trichocarpa, Ipomoea carolina, Ipomoea caroliniana, Convolvulus carolina
Ipomoea hederaceaPharbitis hederacea
Ipomoea hederifoliaQuamoclit hederifolia
Ipomoea heterophyllaIpomoea polymorpha
Ipomoea holubiiTurbina holubii
Ipomoea lobataMina lobata, Quamoclit lobata
Ipomoea mauritianaIpomoea digitata, Ipomoea eriosperma, Ipomoea paniculata, Convolvulus paniculatus
Ipomoea muricataIpomoea turbinata, Ipomoea petiolaris, Calonyction muricatum, Convolvulus muricatus, Calonyction speciosum var. muricatum
Ipomoea obscuraConvolvulus obscurus, Ipomoea luteola, Ipomoea insuavis, Convolvulus pilosus, Convolvulus trichocalyx, Ipomoea fragilis, Ipomoea kentrocarpa, Ipomoea demissa
Ipomoea palmataIpomoea cairica
Ipomoea pes-capraeConvolvulus pes-caprae, Ipomoea biloba
Ipomoea platensisIpomoea platense, Ipomoea lineariloba, Ipomoea digitata var. septempartita, Convolvulus platensis
Ipomoea purgaIpomoea jalapa
Ipomoea quamoclitQuamoclit pennata, Ipomoea pennata
Jacaranda mimosifoliaJacaranda chelonia, Jacaranda filicifolia, Jacaranda ovalifolia
Jacksonia decumbensJacksonia floribunda
Jubaea chilensisJubaea spectabilis
Kigelia africanaKigelia pinnata, Kigelia aethiopica
Koelreuteria paniculataKoelreuteria apiculata
Lagerstroemia speciosaLagerstroemia flos-reginae
Lagunaria patersoniiHibiscus patersonii
Larrea tridentataLarrea divaricatum subs. tridentata, Zygophyllum tridentatum, Covillea tridentata, Schroeterella tridentata, Neoschroetera tridentata, Larrea glutinosa
Lawsonia inermisLawsonia alba
Leonotis leonurusPhlomis leonurus
Leptospermum lanigerumLeptospermum pubescens
Leptospermum scopariumLeptospermum floribundum
Lespedeza bicolorDesmodium bicolor
Lespedeza thunbergiiLespedeza formosa
Lessertia frutescensSutherlandia frutescens
Leucaena leucocephalaLeucaena glauca, Mimosa leucocephala, Acacia leucocephala
Libertia formosaLibertia chilensis
Liparia splendensLiparia sphaerica
Liquidambar formosanaLiquidambar maximowiczii, Liqiudambar tonkinensis
Lophostemon confertusTristania conferta
Luculia gratissimaChinchona gratissima
Luffa acutangulaLuffa foetida
Luffa cylindricaLuffa aegyptica
Macaranga capensisMallota capensis, Mappa capensis
Mackaya bellaAsystasia bella
Mackfadyena unguis-catiDoxanthus unguis-cati, Bignonia tweediana
Maclura pomiferaMaclura aurantiaca, Toxylon pomifera
Macrozamia miqueliiEncephalartos miquelii, Macrozamia mackenzii
Maerua edulisCourbonia edulis
Magnolia cocoMagnolia pumila, Michelia coco, Michelia pumila
Malpighia glabraMalpighia punicifolia, Malpighia uniflora
Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondiiMalvaviscus drummondii
Mandevilla suaveolensAmblyanthera suaveolens, Echites suaveolens, Mandevilla laxa
Manfreda virginicaAgave virginica, Polianthes virginica
Mangifera indicaMangifera domestica, Mangifera sativa
Manilkara discolorLabourdonnaisia discolor, Muriea discolor
Mansoa alliaceaPseudocalymma alliacea, Adenocalymma alliaceum, Bignonia alliacea u.a.
Mansoa difficilisBignonia difficilis, Adenocalymma splendens
Marah macrocarpusMarah macrocarpa, Echinocystis macrocarpa, Marah major, Marah micranthus, Megarrhiza macrocarpa, Micrampelis macrocarpa, Echinocystis macrocarpa
Markhamia hildebrandtiiMarkhamia lutea, Markhamia platycalyx
Marlothistella stenophyllaMesembryanthemum stenophyllum
Massonia depressaMassonia latifolia
Melia azedarachMelia japonica, Melia sempervirens
Melicope elleryanaEuodia elleryana, Evodia elleryana
Merremia dissectaConvolvulus dissectus, Ipomoea dissecta, Ipomoea sinuata, Operculina dissecta
Merremia tuberosaIpomoea tuberosa
Merremia umbellataConvolvulus umbellatus
Mertensia virginicaMertensia pulmonarioides
Metrosideros excelsaMetrosideros tomentosa
Michelia champacaMichelia rheedii, Michelia avrantiaca
Michelia figoMichelia fuscata
Mimosa dysocarpaMimosa wrightii
Mimosa hostilisMimosa tenuiflora, Acacia tenuiflora, Mimosa cabrera
Mina lobataIpomoea lobata, Urena lobata
Mirabilis jalapaMirabilis lindheimeri, Mirabilis dichotoma, Mirabilis odorata
Mirabilis viscosaOxybaphus viscosus
Mirbelia dilatataMirbelia meisneri
Monanthotaxis caffraGuatteria caffra, Popowia caffra
Monstera deliciosaPhilodendron pertusum
Moraea bicolorDietes bicolor
Morella brevifoliaMyrica brevifolia
Moringa oleiferaMoringa pterygosperma, Moringa moringa, Guilandina moringa
Morrenia odorataCynanchum odoratum
Mucuna deeringianaMucuna pruriens var. utilis
Mucuna pruriensDolichos pruriens
Mundulea sericeaMundulea suberosa
Murraya koenigiiBergera koenigii, Chalcas koenigii
Murraya paniculataMurraya exotica, Chalcas paniculata, Chalcas exotica
Musa enseteEnsete ventricosum
Musa glaucaEnsete glaucum
Musa hookeriMusa sikkimensis
Myrciaria caulifloraPlinia cauliflora, Eugenia cauliflora
Myrica ceriferaMyrica carolinensis, Myrica pusilla, Myrica mexicana, Morella cerifera, Cerothamnus cerifera, Cerothamnus Pumilus
Nelumbo luteaNelumbo pentapetala
Nelumbo nuciferaNelumbo speciosa, Nelumbium speciosum
Neoharmsia baroniiCadia baronii
Nephelium lappaceumEuphoria nephelium, Dimocarpus crinita
Nicandra physalodesAtropa physalodes, Pentagonia physalodes
Nicolaia elatiorEtlingera elatior, Phaeomeria magnifica
Nicotiana alataNicotiana affinis
Nolina parryiNolina wolfii, Nolina bigelovii ssp. parryi, Nolina bigelovii var. wolfii, Nolina parryi ssp. wolfii
Nylandtia spinosaMundia spinosa
Ochroma lagopusOchroma pyramidale
Operculina browniiIpomoea alata
Oreocallis wickhamiiAlloxylon wickhamii, Embothrium wickhami
Oxypetalum caeruleumTweedia caerulea
Pachira glabraBombacopsis glabra
Pachycormus discolorSchinus discolor, Veatchia discolor, Rhus veatchiana
Pachyrhizus erosusDolichos erosus, Dolichos bulbosus, Cacara erosa, Pachyrhizus angulatus, Pachyrhizus bulbosus
Pachystegia insignisOlearia insignis
Panax ginsengPanax pseudoginseng
Pandanus utilisPandanus spiralis
Pandorea jasminoidesBignonia jasminoides, Tecoma jasminoides
Pandorea pandoranaBignonia australis, Pandorea doratoxylon
Parkia biglandulosaParkia pedunculata
Parkia javanicaParkia roxburghii
Parkinsonia aculeataParkinsonia thornberi
Passiflora actiniaPassiflora paulensis
Passiflora adenopodaPassiflora acerifolia, Passiflora aspera, Passiflora ceratosepala, Passiflora scabra
Passiflora alataPassiflora brasiliana, Passiflora mauritiana
Passiflora amethystinaPassiflora bangii, Passiflora cornuta, Passiflora laminensis, Passiflora lilacina, Passiflora onychina, Passiflora violacea
Passiflora ampullaceaPassiflora hieronymi
Passiflora andinaPassiflora floribunda
Passiflora antioquiensisPassiflora van volxemii
Passiflora arboreaPassiflora glauca
Passiflora aurantiaPassiflora glabra, Passiflora adiantum, Passiflora adiantifolia, Passiflora banksii, Passiflora vitiensis, Passiflora storckii, Passiflora samoensis
Passiflora auriculataPassiflora appendiculata, Passiflora cayaponoides, Passiflora cinerea, Passiflora cryptopetala, Passiflora kegeliana, Passiflora torta, Passiflora rohrii, Passiflora cyathophora
Passiflora bauhinifoliaPassiflora alnifolia
Passiflora bifloraPassiflora glabrata, Passiflora lunata, Passiflora normalis, Passiflora brighami, Passiflora spathulata, Passiflora transversa
Passiflora bryonioidesPassiflora inamoena, Passiflora bryonifolia
Passiflora candidaPassiflora guedesii
Passiflora capsularisPassiflora hassleriana, Passiflora paraguayensis, Passiflora piligera, Passiflora pubescens
Passiflora chrysophyllaPassiflora australis
Passiflora cincinnataPassiflora corumbaensis, Passiflora perlobata
Passiflora cinnabarinaPassiflora muelleriana, Passiflora banksii
Passiflora cirrhifloraPassiflora septenata, Passiflora jenmani
Passiflora coactilisPassiflora mariae
Passiflora coccineaPassiflora fulgens, Passiflora toxicaria, Passiflora velutina
Passiflora coriaceaPassiflora cheiroptera, Passiflora clypeata, Passiflora obtusifolia, Passiflora sexocellata, Passiflora difformis
Passiflora cumbalensisPassiflora ecuadorica, Passiflora glaberrima, Passiflora tungurahuae, Passiflora sparrei
Passiflora cuneataPassiflora bifurca, Passiflora flexicaulis, Passiflora furcata
Passiflora cupreaPassiflora cavanillesii
Passiflora edulisPassifloa gratissima, Passiflora pallidiflora, Passiflora verrucifera, Passiflora rigidula, Passiflora pomifera
Passiflora foetidaPassiflora hirsuta, Passiflora versicaria, Passiflora polyadena, Passiflora variegata
Passiflora glandulosaPassiflora silvicola
Passiflora haematostigmaPassiflora platystyla
Passiflora hahniiPassiflora cookii
Passiflora harlingiiPassiflora colombiana
Passiflora helleriPassiflora fuscinata
Passiflora herbertianaPassiflora biglandulosa, Passiflora distephana, Passiflora verruculosa
Passiflora holosericeaPassiflora reticulata, Passiflora tuxtlensis
Passiflora incarnataPassiflora kerii, Passiflora edulis var. kerii
Paulownia tomentosaPaulowinia imperialis
Peltophorum ferrugineumPeltophorum pterocarpum, Peltophorum inerme
Pereskia aculeataPereskia acardia, Pereskia pereskia, Pereskia undulata, Pereskia rubescens, Cactus pereskia
Pereskia bleoPereskia cruenta, Pereskia panamensis, Rhodocactus corrugatus, Pereskia corrugata, Rhodocactus bleo, Cactus bleo
Pereskia grandifloraPereskia grandifolia, Rhodocactus grandiflorus, Rhodocactus grandifolius
Phaseolus caracallaVigna caracalla
Philenoptera violaceaLonchocarpus capassa
Phoenix reclinataPhoenix pumila
Phormium cookianumPhormium colensoi
Phyllanthus emblicaEmblica officinalis
Phyllostachys heterocycla f. pubescensPhyllostachys edulis
Physalis angulataPhysalis capsicifolia, Physalis lanceifolia, Physalis ramosissima
Physalis peruvianaPhysalis edulis
Pithecellobium dulceInga dulcis, Archidendron dulce
Pithecellobium flexicauleAcacia flexicaulis, Ebenopsis flexicaulis, Ebenopsis ebano
Pleiogynum timorensePleiogynum cerasiferum, Pleiogynum papuanum, Pleiogynum pleiogyna, Pleiogynum solandri
Plumbago capensisPlumbago auriculata
Plumbago indicaPlumbago coccinea, Plumbago rosea
Podranea ricasolianaPandorea ricasoliana, Tecoma ricasoliana
Pongamia glabraPongamia pinnata
Porteranthus stipulatusGillenia stipulata
Pouteria campechianaLucuma nervosa, Lucuma salicifolia
Pouteria hypoglaucaLucuma hypoglauca
Pouteria obovataLucuma obovata
Prosopis julifloraProsopis glandulosa, Mimosa juliflora
Prunus salicifoliaPrunus capuli, Prunus serotina var. salicifolia
Psidium guajavaPsidium pomiferum, Psidium pyriferum
Psophocarpus tetragonolobusPsophocarpus longepedunculatus,Dolichos tetragonolobus, Botor tetragonolobus
Psoralea linearisAspalanthus linearis
Quararibea cordataMatisia cordata
Rauvolfia caffraRauvolfia goetzi, Rauvolfia inebrians, Rauvolfia natalensis, Rauvolfia obliquinervis, Rauvolfia ochrosioides
Rhodochiton atrosanguineumRhodochiton volubile
Rhoeo spathaceaRhoeo discolor, Tradescantia spathacea
Rhoeo spathaceaTradescantia spathacea
Ricinocarpos pinifoliusRicinocarpos megalanthus,
Riocreuxia torulosaCeropegia effusa
Rivea corymbosaTurbina corymbosa, Ipomoea corymbosa, Convolvulus corymbosus
Robinia fertilisRobinia hispida var. fertilis, Robinia grandiflora, Robinia pedunculata
Rollinia deliciosaRollinia mucosa
Ruellia brittonianaRuellia malacosperma, Ruellia tweediana
Ruellia tuberosaRuellia picta
Russelia equisetiformisRusselia juncea
Saccharum officinarumSaccharum officinale
Salvia apianaAudibertia polystachya, Audibertiella polystachya,
Samanea samanPithecellobium saman, Albizia saman
Sandoricum koetjapeSandoricum indicum
Santisukia pagetiiRadermachera pagetii, Barnettia pagetii
Sapium sebiferumTriadica sebifera
Saraca indicaSaraca asoca
Sauromatum venosumSauromatum guttatum
Schinus molleSchinus huigan
Schinus polygamusSchinus dependens
Schinus terebinthifoliusSchinus chichita, Schinus mucronulata, Schinus antiarthriticus
Schinziophyton rautaneniiRicinodendron rautanenii, Ricinodendron viticoides
Schisandra chinensisKadsura chinensis, Maximowiszia chinensis, Maximowitschi japonica, Polycarpa maximowiczi
Schizolobium parahybumSchizolobium excelsum
Schleichera oleosaSchleichera trijuga
Schrebera alataSchrebera argyrotricha, Schrebera gilgiana, Schrebera mazoensis
Scorpiurus muricatusScorpiurus subvillosus, Scorpiurus sulcatus
Senecio confususPseudogynoxys chenopodioides
Senna artemisioides ssp. filifoliaCassia nemophila
Senna artemisioides ssp. petiolarisCassia petiolaris, Senna phyllodinea, Cassia phyllodinea
Serenoa repensSerenoa serrulata
Sesbania sesbanSesbania aegyptica, Aeschynomene sesban, Emerus sesban, Sesban aegyptiaca, Sesbania confaloniana, Sesbania pubescens
Sesbania tripetiiSesbania punicea, Daubentonia tripetii, Daubentonia punicea
Sicana odoriferaCucurbita odorifera, Sicana atropurpurea
Sida carpinifoliaSida acuta
Simmondsia chinensisSimmondsia Californica
Sinocalycanthus chinensisCalycanthus chinensis
Solanum mauritianumSolanum auriculatum, Solanum verbascifolium var. auriculatum
Solanum muricatumSolanum variegatum, Solanum guatemalensis
Solanum quitoenseSolanum angulatum
Solanum topiroSolanum sessifliflorum
Solanum torvumSolanum ficifolium
Sophora davidiiSophora viciifolia
Sophora japonicaStyphnolobium japonicum
Sophora secundiflora Sophora speciosa, Sophora sempervirens, Agastianis secundiflora, Calia secundiflora
Sophora tetrapteraSophora grandiflora, Edwardsia grandiflora
Sophora velutinaSophora glauca
Spondias dulcisSpondias cytherea, Spondias purpurea, Spondias mombin
Stachytarpheta mutabilisStachytarpheta speciosa
Stauntonia hexaphyllaRajania hexaphylla
Stemona sessilifoliaRoxburghia sessilifolia, Stemona erecta
Stemona tuberosaStemona acuta
Stephanotis floribundaStephanotis jasminoides
Stictocardia beraviensisIpomoea beraviensis, Argyreia beraviensis
Stictocardia tiliifoliaStictocardia campanulata
Stictocardia woodiiIpomoea woodii, Stictocardia laxiflora var. woodii
Strelitzia albaStrelitzia augusta
Strelitzia junceaStrelitzia reginae var juncea
Strumaria unguiculata Hessea unguiculata
Strychnos madagascariensisStrychnos burtonii, Strychnos dysophylla, Strychnos innocua ssp. dysophylla
Strychnos spinosaStrychnos buettneri, Strychnos cardiophylla, Strychnos carvalhoi, Strychnos cuneifolia, Strychnos dulcis, Strychnos courteti
Syzygium aromaticumEugenia caryophyllata
Syzygium australeEugenia australis, Eugenia myrtifolia
Syzygium cuminiEugenia cumini, Eugenia jambolana, Eugenia obovata, Myrtus obovata, Syzygium jambolana, Syzygium obovatum
Syzygium jambosEugenia jambos
Syzygium javanicumSyzygium samarangense
Syzygium luehmanniiEugenia luehmannii
Syzygium mooreiEugenia moorei
Syzygium oleosumEugenia coolminiana, Syzygium cooliminianum
Syzygium paniculatumEugenia paniculata
Syzygium samarangenseEugenia javanica
Tabebuia argenteaTabebuia caraiba
Tabebuia chrysotrichaTecoma chrysotricha
Tabebuia impetiginosaTabebuia avellandae
Tabebuia pallidaBignonia pallida
Tabebuia ripariaTabebuia leucoxylon, Bignonia leucoxylon
Tabernaemontana divaricataTabernaemontana coronaria, Ervatamia coronaria
Tabernaemontana elegansConopharyngia elegans, Leptopharyngia elegans
Tabernaemontana pandacaquiTabernaemontana orientalis, Ervatamia angustisepala
Tacca chantrieriTacca minor, Tacca paxiana, Tacca esquirolii, Schizocapsa itagakii
Tacca chantrieriTacca lancifolia, Tacca macrantha, Tacca roxburghii
Tecoma argenteaTabebuia argentea
Tecoma capensisTecomaria capensis
Tecoma stansStenolobium stans
Templetonia retusaRafnia retusa
Tetradenia ripariaIboza riparia
Tetrapanax papyriferaFatsia papyrifera, Aralia papyrifera
Thalia dealbataThalia barbata
Thevetia ahouaiCerbera ahouai, Cerbera nitida, Thevetia nitida
Thevetia peruvianaCerbera peruviana, Cascabela peruviana, Cascabela neriifolia, Cascabela thevetia, Thevetia neriifolia
Thevetia thevetioidesCerbera thevetioides
Thunbergia fragransThunbergia volubilis, Flemingia grandiflora
Tibouchina urvilleanaTibouchina semidecandra
Tipuana tipuTipuana speciosa, Machaerium tipu
Tithonia diversifoliaMirasolia diversifolia
Toona sinensisCedrela sinensis
Tribulus cistoidesTribulus terrestris
Triphasia trifoliataTriphasia aurantifolia, Limonia trifolia, Limonia trifoliata
Triplaris surinamensisTriplaris weigeltiana
Tristania confertaLophostemon confertus
Turbina oblongataIpomoea oblongata, Ipomoea randii, Ipomoea lambtoniana
Turraea obtusifoliaTurraea mombassana
Tylecodon cacalioidesCotyledon cacalioides
Tylecodon halliiCotyledon hallii
Tylecodon leucothrixAdromischus leucothrix
Tylecodon paniculatusCotyledon paniculata, Cotyledon fascicularis, Cotyledon tardiflora, Cotyledon mollis
Tylecodon pearsoniiCotyledon pearsonii, Cotyledon woodii, Tylecodon luteasquamatum
Tylecodon reticulatusCotyledon reticulata, Tylecodon reticulata
Tylecodon schaeferanusCotyledon schaeferana, Tylecodon shaefferianus, Cotyledon sinus-alexandri, Cotyledon woodii, Tylecodon decipiens
Tylecodon singularisCotyledon singularis
Tylecodon wallichiiCotyledon wallichii
Ugni molinaeMyrtus ugni
Umbellularia californicaOreodaphne californica, Laurus regia, Laurus regalis
Vangueria esculentaVangueria chartacea, Vangueria cyanescens, Vangueria floribunda, Vangueria esculenta var. glabra
Vepris lanceolataVepris undulata
Vigna caracallaPhaseolus caracalla, Phaseolus gigantea
Vigna luteolaPhaseolus luteolus, Vigna brachystachys, Vigna bukobensis, Vigna bukombensis, Vigna glabra, Vigna nigerica, Vigna nilotica, Vigna repens
Virgilia divaricataVirgilia capensis
Vitex isotjensisVitex patula
Vitex negundoVitex arborea, Vitex bicolor, Vitex paniculata
Waterhousia floribundaEugenia floribunda, Syzygium floribundum
Welwitschia mirabilisWelwitschia bainesii
Wisteria floribundaKraunhia floribunda, Rehsonia floribunda, Glycine floribunda
Wisteria sinensisWisteria chinensis, Glycine sinensis, Rehsonia sinensis
Wisteria sinensis albaWisteria chinensis alba, Glycine sinensis alba, Rehsonia sinensis alba
Wrightia arboreaWrightia tomentosa, Periploca arborea, Nerium tomentosum
Xanthosoma violaceumXanthosoma nigrum
Xylotheca kraussianaOncoba kraussiana
Yucca aloifoliaYucca yucatana
Yucca baccataYucca circinata, Yucca arizonica, Yucca scabrifolia, Yucca fragilifolia
Yucca brevifoliaYucca arborescens
Yucca elataYucca radiosa, Yucca verdiensis, Yucca utahensis, Yucca angustifolia var. radiosa, Yucca angustifolia var. elata
Yucca glaucaYucca angustifolia
Zanthoxylum simulansZanthoxylum bungei
Ziziphus abyssinicaZiziphus mucronata, Ziziphus espinosa, Ziziphus madecassus
Ziziphus jujubaRhamnus jujuba
Ziziphus mauritianaRhamnus mauritiana
Ziziphus obtusifoliaZizyphus lycioides, Condalia obtusifolia, Condalia lycioides





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